HTML special characters

Details

Adapted from http://math.uh.edu/~hjm/HTML%20Tag%20List.htm. See also http://tlt.its.psu.edu/suggestions/international/bylanguage/mathchart.html.

Table of printable Latin-1 Character codes
Characters of the iso-latin1 character set
© Copyright W3C

Special characters

If you need a to use a special character, like an accented character or a currency sign, you have to use a special notation. There are two ways to use these special characters:

  1. Use the decimal representation, in the format &#nnn;, where nnn is the decimal code of the character.
  2. Use a character entity, in the format &ccc;, where ccc is the character string that represents the specific character.

HTML 4.0 supports three sets of special characters:

ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) characters

ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) characters
DecimalCharacterExampleExplanation
      no-break space
¡ ¡ ¡ inverted exclamation mark
¢ ¢ ¢ cent sign
£ £ £ pound sign
¤ ¤ ¤ currency sign
¥ ¥ ¥ yen sign = yuan sign
¦ ¦ ¦ broken bar = brolen vertical bar
§ § § section sign
¨ ¨ ¨ diaeresis = spacing diaeresis
© © © copyright sign
ª ª ª feminine ordinal indicator
« « « left-pointing double angle quotation mark = left pointing guillemet
¬ ¬ ¬ not sign = discretionary hyphen
­ ­ ­ soft hyphen = discretionary hyphen
® ® ® registered sign = registered trade mark sign
¯ ¯ ¯ macron = spacing macron = overline = APL overbar
° ° ° degree sign
± ± ± plus-minus sign = plus-or-minus sign
² ² ² superscript two = superscript digit two = squared
³ ³ ³ superscript three = superscript digit three = cubed
´ ´ ´ acute accent = spacing acute
µ µ µ micro sign
¶ ¶ pilcrow sign = paragraph sign
· · · middle dot = Georgian comma = Greek middle dot
¸ ç ¸ cedilla = spacing cedilla
¹ ¹ ¹ superscript one = superscript digit one
º º º masculine ordinal indicator
» » » right-pointing double angle quotation mark = right pointing guillemet
¼ ¼ ¼ vulgar fraction one quarter = fraction one quarter
½ ½ ½ vulgar fraction one half = fraction one half
¾ ¾ ¾ vulgar fraction three quarters = fraction three quarters
¿ ¿ ¿ inverted question mark = turned question mark
À À À latin capital letter A with grave = latin capital letter A grave
Á Á Á latin capital letter A with acute
   latin capital letter A with circumflex
à à à latin capital letter A with tilde
Ä Ä Ä latin capital letter A with diaeresis
Å Å Å latin capital letter A with ring above = latin capital letter A ring
Æ Æ Æ latin capital letter AE = latin capital ligature AE
Ç Ç Ç latin capital letter C with cedilla
È È È latin capital letter E with grave
É É É latin capital letter E with acute
Ê Ê Ê latin capital letter E with circumflex
Ë Ë Ë latin capital letter E with diaeresis
Ì Ì Ì latin capital letter I with grave
Í Í Í latin capital letter I with acute
Î Î Î latin capital letter I with circumflex
Ï Ï Ï latin capital letter I with diaeresis
Ð Ð Ð latin capital letter ETH
Ñ Ñ Ñ latin capital letter N with tilde
Ò Ò Ò latin capital letter O with grave
Ó Ó Ó latin capital letter O with acute
Ô Ô Ô latin capital letter O with circumflex
Õ Õ Õ latin capital letter O with tilde
Ö Ö Ö latin capital letter O with diaeresis
× × × multiplication sign
Ø Ø Ø latin capital letter O with stroke = latin capital letter O slash
Ù Ù Ù latin capital letter U with grave
Ú Ú Ú latin capital letter U with acute
Û Û Û latin capital letter U with circumflex
Ü Ü Ü latin capital letter U with diaeresis
Ý Ý Ý latin capital letter Y with acute
Þ Þ Þ latin capital letter THORN
ß ß ß latin small letter sharp s = ess-zed
à à à latin small letter a with grave = latin small letter a grave
á á á latin small letter a with acute
â â â latin small letter a with circumflex
ã ã ã latin small letter a with tilde
ä ä ä latin small letter a with diaeresis
å å å latin small letter a with ring above = latin small letter a ring
æ æ æ latin small letter ae = latin small ligature ae
ç ç ç latin small letter c with cedilla
è è è latin small letter e with grave
é é é latin small letter e with acute
ê ê ê latin small letter e with circumflex
ë ë ë latin small letter e with diaeresis
ì ì ì latin small letter i with grave
í í í latin small letter i with acute
î î î latin small letter i with circumflex
ï ï ï latin small letter i with diaeresis
ð ð ð latin small letter eth
ñ ñ ñ latin small letter n with tilde
ò ò ò latin small letter o with grave
ó ó ó latin small letter o with acute
ô ô ô latin small letter o with circumflex
õ õ õ latin small letter o with tilde
ö ö ö latin small letter o with diaeresis
÷ ÷ ÷ division sign
ø ø ø latin small letter o with stroke = latin small letter o slash
ù ù ù latin small letter u with grave
ú ú ú latin small letter u with acute
û û û latin small letter u with circumflex
ü ü ü latin small letter u with diaeresis
ý ý ý latin small letter y with acute
þ þ þ latin small letter thorn with
ÿ ÿ ÿ latin small letter y with diaeresis

Symbols, mathematical symbols, and Greek letters

The character entity references in this section produce characters that may be represented by glyphs in the widely available Adobe Symbol font, including Greek characters, various bracketing symbols, and a selection of mathematical operators such as gradient, product, and summation symbols.

First, for reference, here is the Greek alphabet and the names of Greek letters in English and Hungarian:

greek.gif (5166 bytes)

Note from HTML 4.0:

This entity set contains all the letters used in modern Greek. However, it does not include Greek punctuation, precomposed accented characters nor the non-spacing accents (tonos, dialytika) required to compose them. There are no archaic letters, Coptic-unique letters, or precomposed letters for Polytonic Greek. The entities defined here are not intended for the representation of modern Greek text and would not be an efficient representation; rather, they are intended for occasional Greek letters used in technical and mathematical works.

Symbols, mathematical symbols, and Greek letters
DecimalCharacterExampleExplanation
ƒ ƒ ƒ latin small f with hook = function = florin
Α Α Α greek capital letter alpha
Β Β Β greek capital letter beta
Γ Γ Γ greek capital letter gamma
Δ Δ Δ greek capital letter delta
Ε Ε Ε greek capital letter epsilon
Ζ Ζ Ζ greek capital letter zeta
Η Η Η greek capital letter eta
Θ Θ Θ greek capital letter theta
Ι Ι Ι greek capital letter iota
Κ Κ Κ greek capital letter kappa
Λ Λ Λ greek capital letter lambda
Μ Μ Μ greek capital letter mu
Ν Ν Ν greek capital letter nu
Ξ Ξ Ξ greek capital letter xi
Ο Ο Ο greek capital letter omicron
Π Π Π greek capital letter pi
Ρ Ρ Ρ greek capital letter rho
Σ Σ Σ greek capital letter sigma
Τ Τ Τ greek capital letter tau
Υ Υ Υ greek capital letter upsilon
Φ Φ Φ greek capital letter phi
Χ Χ Χ greek capital letter chi
Ψ Ψ Ψ greek capital letter psi
Ω Ω Ω greek capital letter omega
α α α greek small letter alpha
β β β greek small letter beta
γ γ γ greek small letter gamma
δ δ δ greek small letter delta
ε ε ε greek small letter epsilon
ζ ζ ζ greek small letter zeta
η η η greek small letter eta
θ θ θ greek small letter theta
ι ι ι greek small letter iota
κ κ κ greek small letter kappa
λ λ λ greek small letter lambda
μ μ μ greek small letter mu
ν ν ν greek small letter nu
ξ ξ ξ greek small letter xi
ο ο ο greek small letter omicron
π π π greek small letter pi
ρ ρ ρ greek small letter rho
ς ς ς greek small letter final sigma
σ σ σ greek small letter sigma
τ τ τ greek small letter tau
υ υ υ greek small letter upsilon
φ φ φ greek small letter phi
χ χ χ greek small letter chi
ψ ψ ψ greek small letter psi
ω ω ω greek small letter omega
ϑ ϑ ϑ greek small letter theta symbol
ϒ ϒ ϒ greek upsilon with hook symbol
ϖ ϖ ϖ greek pi symbol
• • • bullet = black small circle
… … … horizontal ellipsis = three dot leader
′ ′ ′ prime = minutes = feet
″ ″ ″ double prime = seconds = inches
‾ ‾ ‾ overline = spacing overscore
⁄ ⁄ ⁄ fraction slash
℘ ℘ ℘ script capital P = power set = Weierstrass p
ℑ ℑ ℑ blackletter capital I = imaginary part
ℜ ℜ ℜ blackletter capital R = real part symbol
™ ™ ™ trade mark sign
ℵ ℵ ℵ alef symbol = first transfinite cardinal
← ← ← leftwards arrow
↑ ↑ ↑ upwards arrow
→ → → rightwards arrow
↓ ↓ ↓ downwards arrow
↔ ↔ ↔ left right arrow
↵ ↵ ↵ downwards arrow with corner leftwards = carriage return
⇐ ⇐ ⇐ leftwards double arrow
⇑ ⇑ ⇑ upwards double arrow
⇒ ⇒ ⇒ rightwards double arrow
⇓ ⇓ ⇓ downwards double arrow
⇔ ⇔ ⇔ left right double arrow
∀ ∀ ∀ for all
∂ ∂ ∂ partial differential
∃ ∃ ∃ there exists
∅ ∅ ∅ empty set = null set = diameter
∇ ∇ ∇ nabla = backward difference
∈ ∈ ∈ element of
∉ ∉ ∉ not an element of
∋ ∋ ∋ contains as member
∏ ∏ ∏ n-ary product = product sign
∑ ∑ ∑ n-ary sumation
− − − minus sign
∗ ∗ ∗ asterisk operator
√ √ √ square root = radical sign
∝ ∝ ∝ proportional to
∞ ∞ ∞ infinity
∠ ∠ ∠ angle
∧ ∧ ∧ logical and = wedge
∨ ∨ ∨ logical or = vee
∩ ∩ ∩ intersection = cap
∪ ∪ ∪ union = cup
∫ ∫ ∫ integral
∴ ∴ ∴ therefore
∼ ∼ ∼ tilde operator = varies with = similar to
≅ ≅ ≅ approximately equal to
≈ ≈ ≈ almost equal to = asymptotic to
≠ ≠ ≠ not equal to
≡ ≡ ≡ identical to
≤ ≤ ≤ less-than or equal to
≥ ≥ ≥ greater-than or equal to
⊂ ⊂ ⊂ subset of
⊃ ⊃ ⊃ superset of
⊄ ⊄ ⊄ not a subset of
⊆ ⊆ ⊆ subset of or equal to
⊇ ⊇ ⊇ superset of or equal to
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ circled plus = direct sum
⊗ ⊗ ⊗ circled times = vector product
⊥ ⊥ ⊥ up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ dot operator
⌈ ⌈ ⌈ left ceiling = apl upstile
⌉ ⌉ ⌉ right ceiling
⌊ ⌊ ⌊ left floor = apl downstile
⌋ ⌋ ⌋ right floor
〈 ⟨ 〈 left-pointing angle bracket = bra
〉 ⟩ 〉 right-pointing angle bracket = ket
◊ ◊ ◊ lozenge
♠ ♠ ♠ black spade suit
♣ ♣ ♣ black club suit = shamrock
♥ ♥ ♥ black heart suit = valentine
♦ ♦ ♦ black diamond suit

Markup-significant and internationalization characters

The character entity references in this section are for escaping markup-significant characters, for denoting spaces and dashes. Other characters in this section apply to internationalization issues such as the disambiguation of bidirectional text.
 

Markup-significant and internationalization characters
DecimalCharacterExampleExplanation
" " " quotation mark = APL quote
& & & ampersand
&#60; &lt; < less-than sign
&#62; &gt; > greater-than sign
&#338; &OElig; Πlatin capital ligature OE
&#339; &oelig; œ latin small ligature oe
&#352; &Scaron; Š latin capital letter S with caron
&#353; &scaron; š latin small letter s with caron
&#376; &Yuml; Ÿ latin capital letter Y with diaeresis
&#710; &circ; ˆ modifier letter circumflex accent
&#732; &tilde; ˜ small tilde
&#8194; &ensp;   en space
&#8195; &emsp;   em space
&#8201; &thinsp;   thin space
&#8204; &zwnj; ‌ zero width non-joiner
&#8205; &zwj; ‍ zero width joiner
&#8206; &lrm; ‎ left-to-right mark
&#8207; &rlm; ‏ right-to-left mark
&#8211; &ndash; – en dash
&#8212; &mdash; — em dash
&#8216; &lsquo; ‘ left single quotation mark
&#8217; &rsquo; ’ right single quotation mark
&#8218; &sbquo; ‚ single low-9 quotation mark
&#8220; &ldquo; “ left double quotation mark
&#8221; &rdquo; ” right double quotation mark
&#8222; &bdquo; „ double low-9 quotation mark
&#8224; &dagger; † dagger
&#8225; &Dagger; ‡ double dagger
&#8240; &permil; ‰ per mille sign
&#8249; &lsaquo; ‹ single left-pointing angle quotation mark
&#8250; &rsaquo; › single right-pointing angle quotation mark
&#8364; &euro; € euro sign